{"id":249,"date":"2023-05-16T12:40:52","date_gmt":"2023-05-16T12:40:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.com\/?p=249"},"modified":"2023-05-16T12:40:53","modified_gmt":"2023-05-16T12:40:53","slug":"1-1-introduction-to-android-platform-and-architecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/2023\/05\/16\/1-1-introduction-to-android-platform-and-architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"1.1 Introduction to Android platform and Architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is Android?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices which means developers need only develop for Android, and their applications should be able to run on different devices powered by Android.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was released by Google in 2007 whereas the first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On June 27, 2012, at the Google I\/O conference, Google announced the next Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of improving the user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why Android ?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"386\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-49.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-49.png 386w, https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-49-291x300.png 291w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Features of Android<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Android is a powerful operating system competing with Apple 4GS and supports great features. Few of them are listed below \u2212<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Sr.No.<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Feature &amp; Description<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td><strong>Beautiful UI<\/strong>Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td><strong>Connectivity<\/strong>GSM\/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td><strong>Storage<\/strong>SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td><strong>Media support<\/strong>H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td><strong>Messaging<\/strong>SMS and MMS<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td><strong>Web browser<\/strong>Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome&#8217;s V8 JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7<\/td><td><strong>Multi-touch<\/strong>Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8<\/td><td><strong>Multi-tasking<\/strong>User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run simultaneously.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9<\/td><td><strong>Resizable widgets<\/strong>Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink them to save space.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10<\/td><td><strong>Multi-Language<\/strong>Supports single direction and bi-directional text.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>11<\/td><td><strong>GCM<\/strong>Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short message data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>12<\/td><td><strong>Wi-Fi Direct<\/strong>A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer connection.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>13<\/td><td><strong>Android Beam<\/strong>A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by touching two NFC-enabled phones together.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Android Applications<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Android applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Once developed, Android applications can be packaged easily and sold out either through a store such as Google Play, SlideME, Opera Mobile Store, Mobango, F-droid and the Amazon Appstore.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world. It&#8217;s the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fast. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Categories of Android applications<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are many android applications in the market. The top categories are \u2212<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"506\" height=\"231\" src=\"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-50.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-50.png 506w, https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-50-300x137.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>History of Android<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The code names of android ranges from A to N currently, such as Aestro, Blender, Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean, KitKat, Lollipop and Marshmallow. Let&#8217;s understand the android history in a sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-51.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-51.png 600w, https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-51-300x171.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Android Architecture<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>android architecture<\/strong> or <strong>Android software stack<\/strong> is categorised into five parts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>linux kernel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>native libraries (middleware),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Android Runtime<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Application Framework<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Applications<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s see the android architecture first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"614\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-52.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-52.png 614w, https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/image-52-300x251.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1) Linux kernel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the heart of android architecture that exists at the root of android architecture. Linux kernel is responsible for device drivers, power management, memory management, device management and resource access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2) Native Libraries<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the top of linux kernel, there are Native libraries such as WebKit, OpenGL, FreeType, SQLite, Media, C runtime library (libc) etc. The WebKit library is responsible for browser support, SQLite is for database, FreeType for font support, Media for playing and recording audio and video formats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3) Android Runtime<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In android runtime, there are core libraries and DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) which is responsible for running android applications. DVM is like JVM but it is optimised for mobile devices. It consumes less memory and provides fast performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4) Android Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the top of Native libraries and android runtime, there is an android framework. Android framework includes Android APIs such as UI (User Interface), telephony, resources, locations, Content Providers (data) and package managers. It provides a lot of classes and interfaces for android application development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5) Applications<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the top of the android framework, there are applications. All applications such as home, contact, settings, games, browsers are using android framework that uses android runtime and libraries. Android runtime and native libraries are using the linux kernel.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Android? Why Android ? Features of Android Android is a powerful operating system&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[9],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=249"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":254,"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/249\/revisions\/254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=249"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=249"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/itnotes.apjsoftwares.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}