2.3 TCP/IP reference Model
TCP/IP Reference Model is a four-layered suite of communication protocols. It was developed by the DoD (Department of Defence) in the 1960s. It is named after the two main protocols…
2.2 OSI reference Model
The OSI model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as a first step toward international standardisation of the protocols used in the various layers…
2.1 The need for layered architecture (protocol hierarchies)
To reduce their design complexity, most networks are organised as a stack of layers or levels, each one built upon the one below it. The number of layers, the name…
1.5 Types of Networks – LAN, MAN, WAN
Local area networks, generally called LANs, are privately-owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometres in size. They are widely used to connect personal…
1.4 Topologies with advantages & disadvantages:-Bus, Ring, Star, Tree, Mesh
What is network topology The way in which devices are interconnected to form a network is called network topology. Some of the factors that affect choice of topology for a…
#2 Radio Transmission
Radio waves are easy to generate, can travel long distances, and can penetrate buildings easily, so they are widely used for communication, both indoors and outdoors. Radio waves also are…
1.2 Wired Transmission media – Magnetic media, Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable,Fiber Optics
Magnetic Media One of the most common ways to transport data from one computer to another is to write them onto magnetic tape or removable media (e.g., recordable DVDs), physically…
Introduction to computer network
What is Network? Benefits of Networking A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources (e.g. information) Why Networking? Sharing information —…
File structures and organisation
File organisation: File organisation refers to the logical relationships among various records that constitute the file, particularly with respect to the means of identification and access to any specific record.…
Introduction to files and database design
File: File is a collection of records which are logically related to any object. Record value can be in any form like data. For eg. : Each student records having…